Cross of Gold Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cross of Gold - Research Paper Example While the majority of the politicians were more concerned with helping those that funded their campaigns, Bryan was among the very few who were truly concerned for the well-being of his potential voters. He fought for them diligently, knowing that by not allowing silver to be used as currency, people would be pushed over the edge as they would further feel the strain of their out-of-control debts. However, the other politicians wanted gold to remain the only currency, which would mean that citizens would never be able to get out of debt. While silver would mean rampant inflation, it would also increase the nation’s prosperity and provide a quicker solution to the nation’s debt. Unfortunately, gold was the ideal currency for bankers and businesses as there would be no inflation to harm them, and they were reluctant to see it set aside for silver. Bryan was not bothered by the strong stances held by bankers, businessmen, and the politicians who were pro-gold. If anything, Bryan was baffled that politicians, the economy, and citizens alike could greatly benefit from using silver as legal tender, yet still have many people against using silver. Though the arguments against silver could hardly be debated, Bryan felt that the needs of the citizens, â€Å"the struggling masses, who produce the wealth and pay the taxes of the country,†2 especially the farmers, were more important than the greed of bankers and businessmen. Bryan’s famous speech was spoken completely on behalf of the citizens that needed the financial relief, impressing the importance of adding silver to the legal tender that included gold, stating that politicians â€Å"shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold†3. It was Bryan who made it clear the kind of damage that could be caused by not allowing silver to be circulated as legal tender.à ‚  

Professional Issues Essay Example for Free

Professional Issues Essay Information technology is defined as the development, installation an implementation of computer systems and applications. It can also be defined as (ITAA definition) the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer based systems particularly software applications and hardware. It deals with use of electronic computers and computer software to convert, store, protect, process, transmit and retrieve information securely. There are a number of IT professionals (information technology degree, 2008): database management, networking, engineering (software and hardware), computer specialist and software publisher to name just but a few. My career interest is in database management. This is because with database management you can work in any well established firm anywhere in the world. Any well established firm has databases ranging from finance records, contacts of business partners, employee or product details etc. Good management of such databases can lead to growth of the firm through efficient operations. To be a competent database manager you need to be privy in the following areas in IT: Networking (to allow authorized officers in various offices to access the database) computer specialist (Repair and maintenance of the computer hence maintenance of the database) and software design (To design security based software to permit/ restrict access to database, change of database etc as a way of ensuring constructive use of database). A database manager requires a number of skills in order to function competently. These skills are broadly divided into two groups: technical skills (e. g. Programming, networking etc) and personal skills (e. g. communication skills, interpersonal skills etc). The technical skills /required by a database manager include: Networking, Programming and ability to design and implement system security and other security measures. (Stein, 2007). Networking skills help in linking all the authorized users of the database to the main system to enable them access, update or delete sections of the database as appropriate. Programming language skills helps the database manager to design software some of which can enable the implementation of system security and other security measures. A close analysis of my technical skills reveal the fact that I am exceptionally good in networking but lacking in programming and consequently the implementation of system security and other security measures. On the other hand, some personal skills are mandatory for a competent database manager. These include (Steiln, 2007) organization skills, management skills and surveillance. Other skills include (job database, 2008): communication skills, strategy development skills, conflict management skills not forgetting (Career builders, 2008) strong analytical skills, excellent project management skills, documentation skills, consulting, partnership and critical thinking skills. Last but not least are the initiative and self starting abilities. Considering the above stated personal skills and on close analysis of my personal skills, I believe that I possess all the personal skills listed above except analytical and project management skills. These skills I possess have been internalized into my subconscious mind by constant application. These are the skills that I have learnt both formally and informally. Formally, I have attended training on a number of personal skills such as conflict management, organization, documentation, presentation, communication (both oral and written), and capacity building skills. The capacity building course enabled me to develop initiative and self starting abilities. Informally, I have learnt to be a team player thus acquiring partnership skills and communication styles that achieve results. On the technical arena, as indicated earlier, I am privy to networking but lacking in programming. I acquired my networking skills through a formal training. The skills have helped me a lot especially when I want information from another computer far from me but linked to the one I am presently using. Self appraisal and Personal Development Plan (PDP) are both aimed at establishing the strengths and weaknesses of an individual. The weaknesses can then be remedied and the strengths improved. According to my PDP, I aspire to correct the deficiencies in both technical and personal skills. The personal skills I lack include analytical and project management skills which I intend to correct by signing up courses in both to bridge the gap. The technical skills that I lack also need the same action (taking courses in them) Having remedied all my technical and personal skills’ shortcomings then I shall be contended as a competent database manager should be.

Recovery of Digital Evidence

Recovery of Digital Evidence Introduction The University suspects that a case of wrongdoing has been undertaken by a member of staff within Edge Hill University and the computer forensic team, of which you are part of, has been asked to investigate.   You and your team have been asked to launch an investigation into alleged misuse of the Universitys IT system. The office used a member of staff has been isolated, sealed and secured. The staff member has been interviewed by IT services as well as the Dead of faculty and HR and has subsequently denied all wrongdoing. Items from the staff office have been recovered by your team. The evidence recovery has been conducted in a rigorous secure manner in lines with a strict methodology. The Principles of Digital Evidence Evidence Recovery Process From the start of the process there must be a set way to conduct the investigation, the crime scene is a very delicate place in terms of collection of critical vital evidence, which if left unsecure could be easily be altered or corrupted, therefore its important to follow several key stages, the first being; The Plan of the Investigation Where are, we going to find the suspected evidence, i.e. on Computer system, Smart phone, USB, floppy disc, Hard Drive. Should social media i.e., Twitter, Facebook, Chat Forums, be checked for relevant evidence they may hold. Contact of user ISP for trace history Mobile network contact, may have on online account with online storage. How to conduct the Investigation My Flow Plan Right to Search and Seizure In order to conduct an investigation there are Legal and ethical aspects that are very important and must always be adhered to key points that would always be considered when its decided that evidence will need to be received; Just because there are several computers in the house doesnt necessary mean that they should all be seized for forensic inspection, the person attending the crime scene must have Reasonable grounds to remove possessions and there must be justified reasons for doing this. Due to the sensitive nature of the investigation it would always be a necessary moral characteristic that the investigator would be honest and truthful. Consideration as to whether what items are likely to hold key information, i.e. there would no point in seizing a microwave when we are looking at a computer related crime. Consider the offence, narrow down the time period of suspected crime. Items found that are connected to internet are likely to contain key information and should be seized. Documents/booklets, notepads to be seized as they may hold online storage accounts and passwords where information is held. Approach Strategy This all would be done using a Flow plan for the team to follow as discussed in Assignment 1, Capture of relevant information One of the most important steps within the whole process, if mistake is made here then the whole investigation is under threat. The room was secured and isolated to risk the impact of any tampering with evidence. This could basically fail in to a very similar category, this may involve the collection of volatile date. Volatile data is the data that we have at the scheme of the crime that may be lost if the investigator doesnt follow the correct procedure, i.e. recording what state the computer is on at that time. The Volatile data would be stored for example on a PC in the Ram (Random Access Memory) and would contain key information such as website data, chat history etc. that may be key to overall success of the investigation. Bagging in secure bags that are tamper proof insuring that they are labelled acutely with a reference number for later inspection. Suspected member of staff interviewed denied any wrong doing. Analyse of Evidence Evidence has been recovered from the staff office by a colleague within the forensic team, we have found the following; A USB pen drive seized bagged up in secure zipper bag Feedback to be given to give information on where to investigation in going. Each step to be recorded Time scales available Resources available to investigator Tools that are available for the forensic analysis. Data recovered from the USB drive, seems to just be Standard information but further analysis is needed to establish truth. Evidence Seized Note pad with 3 passwords on; Cabbage Apple Pear USB device seized from the office. From what we can see on the USB is 3 PDFs 3 Images A word document Titled Payments for paper4you Files present on USB Un touched On the next step of my investigation I will open each file without any interference from any Encryption programs. File Payments for papers4you.docx File 30037888.pdf File AUP.pfd , File conduct.pdf Chocolate 1.jpg.png Even more chocolate.jpg.png More Chocolate.jpg.png Investigation of the Evidence For the pupose of the investigation I will now check to see if the items sesiued are extactly as they seem. I do think this step is necessary aspart of the on going investigatiion. In order to check individual files, I will use OpenSteg application, the reason to do this is it will check each induvual file in order to establish any hidden files located on the the USB. To do this I will use a programe called OpenSteg which will highlight any hidden information OpenStego Menu,- As you can see we can Hide or Extract Data from a any file, in this case we will be Extracting the Data from the chosen file. Menu of the file which I wish to look at though OpenStego Chocolate 1 On checking the file, it is clear the it needs a password to open it, I will try the 3-password written down on the note pad recovered from the scene, which are: Apple Cabbage Pear It would appear that there is a file within this picture titled;Master_Sheet.xlsx Upon opening the Excel File it appers that it requires a password of which I have 3 ; Apple Pear Cabbage Apple and Pear are unsuccessful, but Cabbage has grated me access to the Excel file It appears to show Financial transactions from Papers 4 you dated from 2008 to 2016 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 The same was done with the file Even more chocolate.jpg.png Upon doing this it is clear there is a file hidden within the picture titled Invoice Jan-16.docx As per below; Picture 3 to be checked using OpenStego file name More Chocolate Using password Pear Information from file Jan-15 Bring the evidence together as one we could use Encase this would give us a clear understanding of all the evidence together in one file format I have demonstrated in a walk through via screenshots Landing Page Encase New case Location and name File is now given name Assignment 2 and location. Adding Evidence to the case Locate relevant file to add the information needed for the investigation. Section of key files to use as evidence. Summary of the Evidence From conducting this investigation certain key points must be established when investigating the case Facts or fiction and can prove this with hard evidence. Prove that it did happen in the first place. Are we looking at the right person that is accused? Have any mistakes been made., things been missed or thigs been altered. Forming the whole investigation, we can see from the Time Line, what information and by what process was followed It is with my Recommendation that the Case be referred to CPS for Criminal Proceedings. Due to the many breachs with in the law, (Data Protection, Computer misuse act, It Computer Policy) and the and the vast amounts of money received, it is unlikely that internal University formal proceedings would bring accountability for the thief. In Conclusion, it would also be recommended that upon Criminal Proceedings being initiated, that an order for the Proceeds of Crime Act be sort to recover the ill-gotten gains.

The Third Murderer in Macbeth Essay -- Macbeth essays

The Third Murderer in Macbeth      Ã‚  Ã‚   There is much speculation as to who the third murderer is who assisted in the slaying of Banquo. Macbeth, Lady Macbeth, and one of the Weird sisters are a few of the best candidates as to filling this role. Each of these three main characters has their own motive as to why they would want to join in on the assassination. Out of these three possibilities of filling this third murderer's role, all have reasons as to why they could or could not fill the position.    At this time in the play, Macbeth is paranoid about Banquo turning against him. In the opening of act three, Macbeth hires two hit men to take out Banquo and his son Fleance. The two men Macbeth hires probably did not match to Banquo's great skill in fighting. This could give Macbeth a reason to want to join the other two murderers in making sure that the plan was carried out. After they murder Banquo, the third murderer says, "Who did strike out the light?" and "there's but one down; the son is fled" (3.3.18). He is the one who realizes that someone turned out t... The Third Murderer in Macbeth Essay -- Macbeth essays The Third Murderer in Macbeth      Ã‚  Ã‚   There is much speculation as to who the third murderer is who assisted in the slaying of Banquo. Macbeth, Lady Macbeth, and one of the Weird sisters are a few of the best candidates as to filling this role. Each of these three main characters has their own motive as to why they would want to join in on the assassination. Out of these three possibilities of filling this third murderer's role, all have reasons as to why they could or could not fill the position.    At this time in the play, Macbeth is paranoid about Banquo turning against him. In the opening of act three, Macbeth hires two hit men to take out Banquo and his son Fleance. The two men Macbeth hires probably did not match to Banquo's great skill in fighting. This could give Macbeth a reason to want to join the other two murderers in making sure that the plan was carried out. After they murder Banquo, the third murderer says, "Who did strike out the light?" and "there's but one down; the son is fled" (3.3.18). He is the one who realizes that someone turned out t...

Types of Relationships

Human relationships have always perplexed me. These seemingly simple bonds between people can amount to so much and cause such commotion that lives change drastically within minutes in these relationships. Especially in the fast changing world of today. In my piece I am going to be telling you about the three types of relationships I see taking place. Over time, I have asked myself three questions, finding the answers along the way, which is what I will be explaining to you. To begin, how much does one compromise on self-gratification for the sake of commitment? Or should one compromise at all in the name of love? Finally, what happens when love is found outside ones’ commitment? To start off, how much does one compromise on self gratification for the sake of commitment? What I have seen in regards to this scenario is basically to satisfy parents or tradition. This basically comes hard for the person making the compromise mainly because even though they may be happy, they are just not in that totally-in-love state and as a whole, not fully in the relationship. In such a relationship the person who has made the compromise is just in the relationship in a lost state where the other person is there trying to take it further and make it work whereas just being in it for maintaining it sake. The person making the compromise I would say is robbing themselves their true love as well as the other person involved. Why have someone love you and want so much from a bond when you can’t seem to find the zeal for it as well? It makes no sense to spin a top in mud; it only brings hurt in years to come. This type of relationship can be seen in families of wealth and good economic status. Secondly, should one compromise at all in the name of love? My answer to this is NO! This really makes no sense and ends up just hurting the other person badly. It’s like a slap in the face saying that you have just played with them for so long. The other person would just take it as thought you were there to satisfy and act out the role of being in a bond. Compromising in the name love is just wrong to do; whatever the circumstances. This sort of actions you would find in arranged marriages and usually it is the female that has to make this compromise and suffer. A classic example of this type of relationship can be seen in arranged marriages in Indian families, but these are not limited for Indian families in India; these can still be seen in American or other parts of the world where Indian or Muslim families reside. Only true love can set them free of this compromise but it just ends up in a big blunder because it would create a lot of friction and pose a lot of questions. When someone truly loves, they expect to have it back in return. Not an act. Lastly, what happens when love is found outside ones’ commitment? This to me is a sad thing but also a happy thing when it is dealt with maturely and with much understanding. Regarding my earlier points; imagine in this compromise that is made. It takes a true person to understand when love is found outside a relationship by the compromising partner. Although the other party is strongly in love with this person, they would understand that this was not their love story after all and should be happy that their partner found theirs. Yes it is a sad thing to happen in a relationship, but when one understands the meaning of true love only then they can let go without any qualms. In conclusion I would just like to let you know that in these relationships listed above really toys’ with emotions and in somewhat way sets people free to truly love. So next time a relationship hinders your way I urge yourself to ask yourself the questions I explained or even more ask yourself while you are in it. How much does one compromise on self-gratification for the sake of commitment? Or should one compromise at all in the name of love? Finally, what happens when love is found outside ones’ commitment? I assure you if you can analyze these three questions of relationship, you would indeed have a good approach and grasp on your commitment.

pirates of penzance essays

pirates of penzance essays The Act starts with the Pirates of Penzance celebrating the promotion of Frederic, a Pirate apprentice, to full pirate status. Unfortunately he was never supposed to become a Pirate, and feels duty-bound to return to a crimeless life at the end of his indentures. He vows to hunt down the pirates, as is his duty, but he is also obliged to inform the pirates where they are going wrong before he leaves the band. The main problem is that the Pirates are all orphans, and as such they always pity other orphans and let them go unmolested. They also never attack weaker, or smaller groups than them, this tends to mean that they are either driven off or the captive declares themselves orphans and is thus released. Despite Frederic's vow to hunt down his formerly beloved companions, the Pirate King is unrepentant declaring that it is "...better far to live and die, under the brave black flag I fly, than play a sanctimonious part...". The Pirates leave and Frederic is left with his childhood companion, Ruth. It is upon the arrival of the daughters of Major-General Stanley that he finds out that Ruth has been false and is not beautiful. He asks if any of the maidens will marry him and thus help him onto the straight and narrow; and one maiden named Mabel will. The Pirates return and capture the maidens. They intend to marry them all, but they are thwarted by the arrival of the Major General who lies and says he is an Orphan. This touches the hearts of the Pirates who release the maidens, and declare them all honorary Pirates. Frederic and Mabel are to be wed, the Pirates have released the daughters and everyone is relatively happy - except poor Ruth, who is spurned by Frederic for her deceit. In the chapel housing the tombs of his ancestors, General Stanley is seeking pardon for lying about the vitality of his parents. His daughters are trying to console him with little success, even Frederic's plan to march on the pirates that very n...

Free Essays on Comparing Prisons And Universities

Comparing Prison and University For my paper I have chose to write about the institutions of the prison and the university. I will be defining these terms as an institution and also be comparing and contrasting both. These two institutions both serve a very specific purpose to what try to accomplish and as well have many similarities and differences. I will first define and write about prison. As defined in the Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, prison is defined as an institution (as one under state jurisdiction) for confinement of persons convicted of serious crimes. As it may not seem to us today, the use of institutions for the extended confinement of offenders, as the method of punishment, is a relatively recent idea. Not until the later years of the nineteenth century, the usual method of dealing with convicted offenders as to â€Å"impose fines or to mete out to them some more of less brutal form of corporal punishment, such as execution, flogging, mutilation, branding, and public humiliation in the stocks, pillory, and ducking-stool†(Prison History). The only time someone was confined is a public institution for any considerable length of time were mainly those imprisoned for debt or accused persons awaiting trial. Now I will write about the university as an institution. As defined by Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, the university is an institution of higher learning providing facilities for teaching and research and authorized to grant academic degrees. The university is a place for one to go if they desire to gain knowledge in an array of subjects or a specific area of study. One has to complete a certain curriculum on a subject while also holding a good standing with the university in order to earn the degree of choice. The institutions of the prison and the university have several differences and similarities. First I will point out the various differences they have. The main difference that comes to mind when I c... Free Essays on Comparing Prisons And Universities Free Essays on Comparing Prisons And Universities Comparing Prison and University For my paper I have chose to write about the institutions of the prison and the university. I will be defining these terms as an institution and also be comparing and contrasting both. These two institutions both serve a very specific purpose to what try to accomplish and as well have many similarities and differences. I will first define and write about prison. As defined in the Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, prison is defined as an institution (as one under state jurisdiction) for confinement of persons convicted of serious crimes. As it may not seem to us today, the use of institutions for the extended confinement of offenders, as the method of punishment, is a relatively recent idea. Not until the later years of the nineteenth century, the usual method of dealing with convicted offenders as to â€Å"impose fines or to mete out to them some more of less brutal form of corporal punishment, such as execution, flogging, mutilation, branding, and public humiliation in the stocks, pillory, and ducking-stool†(Prison History). The only time someone was confined is a public institution for any considerable length of time were mainly those imprisoned for debt or accused persons awaiting trial. Now I will write about the university as an institution. As defined by Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, the university is an institution of higher learning providing facilities for teaching and research and authorized to grant academic degrees. The university is a place for one to go if they desire to gain knowledge in an array of subjects or a specific area of study. One has to complete a certain curriculum on a subject while also holding a good standing with the university in order to earn the degree of choice. The institutions of the prison and the university have several differences and similarities. First I will point out the various differences they have. The main difference that comes to mind when I c...

Fiber optics essays

Fiber optics essays The field of communications is one in which the technologies are changing on an almost daily basis. Numerous different technologies have been pursued over the past few years, each designed to essentially accomplish several basic purposes in terms of community service. Three of the most actively pursued applications include interactive distant learning, video conferencing, and entertainment. While it is the first two, video conferencing and interactive distance learning, which would serve to the best advantage in terms of education and business; it is the last, entertainment which has the most appeal to the largest number of people. The application of various communications application in terms of education and business is currently being utilized in remote learning programs and company training programs around the nation. One technology has maintained a position close to the lead in terms of staying in the running to win the coveted spot of the worlds most progressive and sough t after communications application. This application is that of fiber optics. To understand fiber optics in its application to communications, one must first have an understanding of the technology itself. The transmission of light through thin fibers of glass or plastic is the basis of the branch of physics known as fiber optics. Capable of transmitting light over more than one hundred and fifty miles, these fibers are made of either pure glass or plastic. Each fiber is composed of two parts, the core and the cladding. Optical fibers vary in thickness from hair size (0.001 inch) in diameter and up. The core is composed of the glass or plastic and does the actual transmission of data. The core is typically covered in a sheath referred to as cladding. The cladding around each fiber serves to reflect the light traveling through the fiber back inward into the core of the fiber and to prevent the escape of the light out the walls of the fibe...

Persuasive speech on dangers of texting and driving or Presentation

Persuasive on dangers of texting and driving - Speech or Presentation Example Some major accidents that happen result from things that could be avoided and therefore, there is a need to tighten the surveillance of observance of the rules and regulations in driving along busy roads. Research have shown that one of the major causes of roads accidents is texting while driving because it carries away the attention of a driver to the things he or she may be exchanging with another person and may result to knocking over other vehicles or pedestrian or even losing the way. In this speech, I will address the areas of; dangers of the texting while driving, impacts of texting while driving and ways through which people can avoid the problem. This will serve the purpose of persuading drivers to avoid texting while driving and encourage passengers to discourage drivers from texting while driving. Dangers of texting while driving In many cases where road accidents occur, they result from distraction that result from different things that come from within the driver or outs ide the vehicle but which occupy the mind of the driver. Of the distractions that happen, many of them result from the different internal distraction, meaning that drivers have a role to play in their cause and their happening within a vehicle. Many distractions, for example, result from texting from mobile devices, which drivers hold conveniently while they are still driving their vehicles on roads. For this reason, texting exposes the drivers and other passengers to various dangers that risk their lives because they trigger different emotions in drivers causing them serious distractions in their minds. This happens because in the course of typing, reading or sending a message, the concentration of the driver shifts from driving to the mobile device that he uses so that they respond slowly to events that happen on the road (Kemper, 2013). Texting reduces the steering capabilities of a driver by large degree because they no longer concentrate on the road but focus on the mobile devi ce they use to exchange messages. This danger is realized because drivers look at the texting device rather that the road on which they are driving and this means that they never recognize road signs that guide their driving. In this case, drivers realize some things or pedestrians on the road when they are very close to them and this makes it difficult to avoid them and they run over them. This distraction is one of the things that drivers could avoid and there would be few accidents on the roads but they are fail to avoid the causes of the accidents but try to avoid the accidents themselves (Plotnik & Kouyoumjian, 2011). When a driver is reading a text, it is likely to take him or her about five seconds which is quite a long time considering the fact that a vehicle could be driving at a very high speed. The kind of danger to which a driver exposes himself or herself and others is comparable to that one of a blind person driving at a high speed in a busy road and assuming that he o r she will be safe on the road on which he or she is driving. This means that a driver who takes that risk causes unnecessary danger to the people near him or those with him and this can be avoided if he or she can fail to attend to the text message (Mertens & Wilson, 2012). Another danger of texting and driving is that it does not cause only one form of distraction but rather more than one because it influences the visual, manual and the cognitive performance of a driver. This means that it does not

Issues in international business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Issues in international business - Essay Example Political stability would be ensured by abiding by the EUs political standards. Borders would finally be opened, reducing international barriers to the flow of goods and services, and products would now have access to all European markets. Tax policy changes would be controlled and property rights would be guaranteed, allowing foreign companies to invest on their soil, bringing jobs to the masses of unemployed. But there would be challenges ahead too. Would they be able to meet up to the standards expected of them Could they control the inflation rate Hold prices stable Grow GDP Avoid currency devaluation And minimize deficit No one had the answers, but certainly all ten of the new EU Member States were willing to try. Thus, their first step was to gather up their top economists to strategize. Optimal macroeconomic policies must be put into place as soon as possible to achieve the high standards expected as a new European nation. Each country would have their own strategy, but macroeconomic policies, in general, are adopted to avoid major economic upheavals, with the primary example being The Great Depression. These policies are set and controlled by a nation's government and central bank and include such challenges as stabilising the business cycle, facilitating long-term growth, reducing unemployment, controlling inflation and lowering the current account deficit (Parkin 534). Policy tools to achieve these goals are divided into two categories: fiscal policy and monetary policy. The powers of fiscal policy lie in the hands of the government which tries to influence the state of the economy by such measures as changing tax rates, and altering government spending and debt. On the other hand, monetary policy is steered by the central banks, which are able to adjust interest rates and alter the amount of money in circulation. These are the tools which have been used in a myriad of scenarios by the ten Member S tates inducted into the EU on 1 May 2004. Their actions have been made in an attempt to maintain a stable economy, allowing GDP to grow, deficit to decline and all the while keeping an eye on the golden ring, that is, to adopt the euro as their trading currency. In order to evaluate success of the governments and central banks of the ten new EU countries, one must first set a standard of measure. In other words, what are the goals to be met Is there a particular timeline set for these goals And then ask, how far along have they come in achieving these goals As previously mentioned, one of the major goals for the new countries is to adopt the euro as their own currency. Unlike Denmark and the United Kingdom, the new EU Member States would not have the option of voting out the single currency; but none would have chosen to anyway. Adopting the euro would probably do more alone in the first year towards achieving economic stabilization for these countries than any of the macroeconomic policies described could do in ten years. The euro essentially removes the previous risks involved with currency exchange rates and hedges against sudden inflationary impacts (Frequently Asked QuestionsECB). This results in lowering the interest rates and allows for price stability. However, to protect the current nations utilizing the euro from devaluation, the new EU Member States must be truly ready to adopt the new currency. This readiness is assessed by certain factors called the Maastricht convergence criteria established in

Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Research Paper - Essay Example However, it is patently obvious that the social movements that began in the early 19th century have thus far a great deal left to accomplish. For instance, the individual can and should consider the case of wage disparity as it relates to men and women in the workforce. Regardless of the metric that is used, women typically make between 10-15% less on each and every pound as compared to a man. Even though great progress has been made, this particular statistic is one that is ultimately quite stubborn and has proven difficult to engage. Although it is obvious that one or two methods might not be sufficient for entirely ameliorating this differential, it is the view of this author that seeking to promote the changes that will be considered within this brief analysis will be extraordinarily beneficial in helping to address the broader issue; albeit not totally sufficient to ending the gender gap in wages. Accordingly, the approaches that will be put forward are as follows: extending fur ther levels of family leave to men, increasing government awareness programs, working to further social acceptance of wage parity, and discontinuing wage secrecy. It is widely recognized that women were not represented within the workforce of the United States, at least to a statistically significant degree, up until the First World War. As a direct result of the fact that tens of thousands of young men were going off to training and engaging in combat, the labor force was dealt a heavy blow. Similarly, the industrializing powers throughout the globe placed a heavy importance upon ensuring that their economic power was firmly exhibited by means of their industrial production capabilities; not to mention the fact that were material needed to be created at an ever increasing rate as a result of the conflicts they were exhibited throughout the developed world at that time. Similarly, the overall representation of women in the

Policy Brief addressing an important health-related problem in the Essay

Policy Brief addressing an important health-related problem in the United States, which is How will the EPA clean up Superfund Sites if there are no funds - Essay Example ization, reinstating Superfund taxes, creating a management system and creating economic incentives for businesses to clean up are some of the options considered in this brief. Considering the financial problems faced by the EPA and the associated responsibilities of cleaning up hazardous wastes, it is important to consider how the EPA can have an efficient and effective clean up processes if there are no sufficient funds? A Superfund site is any land in the United States that has been contaminated by hazardous waste and identified by the EPA as a site for cleanup because it poses a risk to human health and/or the environment. For the Superfund cleanup process to begin, a potentially hazardous site is discovered in the initial stage, and the EPA is notified of possible releases of hazardous substances. Sites may be discovered by various parties, including citizens, State agencies, and EPA Regional offices. Following identification, these sites are entered into the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Information System (CERCLIS), which is the EPAs computerized inventory of potential hazardous substance release sites. The EPA then evaluates the potential for release of hazardous substances from the identified site using assessment, screening, remedial investigation, site listing process and construction completion. One of the top priorities for the EPA is to find those responsible for the contamination (the potentially responsible parties or PRPs) to clean up the site. If the PRP is not found, is not viable, or refuses to cooperate; EPA, the state, or tribe may cleanup the site using Superfund money. EPA may seek to recover the cost of clean up from those parties that do not cooperate.1 The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), commonly known as Superfund, was created on December 11, 1980 to clean up the worst hazardous waste sites across the country and. recover the expenses from the PRPs.

Performance Analysis in Sport (Physiological profiling) Essay

Performance Analysis in Sport (Physiological profiling) - Essay Example This helps in creating training programs that are efficient and reliable in improving the performance of soccer players (Subic, Ujihashi and Fuss, 2008). The various tests done on soccer players must reflect the fitness requirements for these players, which includes speed, flexibility, aerobic endurance and speed endurance. This paper provides the physiological profile of a soccer player, and it focuses on the profile of a striker. A good body shape, weight, body composition and height is a physiological needs that professional football players usually need. Football players usually vary in height and weight, more so when ethnic backgrounds are considered. For example, research proves that Asian players are always small in size, when they are compared to European or African players. In soccer, mid-fielders are always smaller in size, while central defenders are always taller in size. In terms of weight, research denotes that professional football players normally have an average weight of 77.7kg, while their body shape is always muscular (Burke and Deakin, 2010). The body composition of these players is very important, because too much fat will affect their ability to move fast, and jump around. This is due to too much weight in their body. On this basis, footballers must always take care on what they eat, and the nutritional composition of their diets. Football players always need to have strong muscle strength (Gamble, 2012). Due to the muscular body shape of soccer players, they need to have strength on the upper parts of their bodies. In as much as this should be the case, research denotes that most of these players lack this type of strength. This is partly because most of their training programs do not have provisions on working on their upper parts of the body. Most of these programs concentrate on the lower parts of the footballers body (Madden, 2010). Need for an anaerobic power is an important need for

OHS Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

OHS - Coursework Example The nurse only did what she had to do to the best of her ability with disastrous consequences. By using the Systems Approach to Occurrence Causation (SAOC), we can conclude that the cause of the occurrence can be traced to several factors that combined to bring about the event. We can start of by pointing out that the nurse was on duty unsupervised. This was of course what led to the patient sustaining the overdose which led to the brain hemorrhage that killed her. The second cause can be attributed to the nurse not having proper knowledge concerning the dosage required for the child and as such ended up giving ten times more than was required and the child’s system could not handle this. Third we can attribute the occurrence to a failure by the hospital to implement proper guidelines that would have prevented the nurse from administering the medicine without a doctor’s supervision. Lastly the medicine was administered at a time off the usual routine which made it hard for the doctor to be available as per schedule which could have negated the need for the Nurse to do the administration of the medicine alone without supervision. The other cause can be put down to understaffing at the hospital which meant there was no qualified pediatrician when the Nurse was doing her rounds administering the medicine. In this incident, the energy in this scenario is the medicine being administered and we can identify the administration of the medicine as the source of risk especially without proper supervision. A hazard is a source of potential harm in terms of human injury, ill-health and damage to property, the environment, or a combination of these. In this case, we can pinpoint the hazard as being the drug administered by the nurse. This case can also be used to express an example of psychosocial hazard. The work conditions were liable to cause the

Policy Brief addressing an important health-related problem in the Essay

Policy Brief addressing an important health-related problem in the United States, which is How will the EPA clean up Superfund Sites if there are no funds - Essay Example ization, reinstating Superfund taxes, creating a management system and creating economic incentives for businesses to clean up are some of the options considered in this brief. Considering the financial problems faced by the EPA and the associated responsibilities of cleaning up hazardous wastes, it is important to consider how the EPA can have an efficient and effective clean up processes if there are no sufficient funds? A Superfund site is any land in the United States that has been contaminated by hazardous waste and identified by the EPA as a site for cleanup because it poses a risk to human health and/or the environment. For the Superfund cleanup process to begin, a potentially hazardous site is discovered in the initial stage, and the EPA is notified of possible releases of hazardous substances. Sites may be discovered by various parties, including citizens, State agencies, and EPA Regional offices. Following identification, these sites are entered into the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Information System (CERCLIS), which is the EPAs computerized inventory of potential hazardous substance release sites. The EPA then evaluates the potential for release of hazardous substances from the identified site using assessment, screening, remedial investigation, site listing process and construction completion. One of the top priorities for the EPA is to find those responsible for the contamination (the potentially responsible parties or PRPs) to clean up the site. If the PRP is not found, is not viable, or refuses to cooperate; EPA, the state, or tribe may cleanup the site using Superfund money. EPA may seek to recover the cost of clean up from those parties that do not cooperate.1 The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), commonly known as Superfund, was created on December 11, 1980 to clean up the worst hazardous waste sites across the country and. recover the expenses from the PRPs.

OHS Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

OHS - Coursework Example The nurse only did what she had to do to the best of her ability with disastrous consequences. By using the Systems Approach to Occurrence Causation (SAOC), we can conclude that the cause of the occurrence can be traced to several factors that combined to bring about the event. We can start of by pointing out that the nurse was on duty unsupervised. This was of course what led to the patient sustaining the overdose which led to the brain hemorrhage that killed her. The second cause can be attributed to the nurse not having proper knowledge concerning the dosage required for the child and as such ended up giving ten times more than was required and the child’s system could not handle this. Third we can attribute the occurrence to a failure by the hospital to implement proper guidelines that would have prevented the nurse from administering the medicine without a doctor’s supervision. Lastly the medicine was administered at a time off the usual routine which made it hard for the doctor to be available as per schedule which could have negated the need for the Nurse to do the administration of the medicine alone without supervision. The other cause can be put down to understaffing at the hospital which meant there was no qualified pediatrician when the Nurse was doing her rounds administering the medicine. In this incident, the energy in this scenario is the medicine being administered and we can identify the administration of the medicine as the source of risk especially without proper supervision. A hazard is a source of potential harm in terms of human injury, ill-health and damage to property, the environment, or a combination of these. In this case, we can pinpoint the hazard as being the drug administered by the nurse. This case can also be used to express an example of psychosocial hazard. The work conditions were liable to cause the

City Road Essay Example for Free

City Road Essay Another would be that pedestrians seem to be favoured more so than motorists. For instance the islands in the middle of the road, they are there to make crossing City Road safer and more convenient to those who travel by foot. The island isn’t just the concrete mound in the middle of the road, it also includes the paint on the ground around it which cars are not allowed to drive over. Again, the bollards that were erected along the pavements are there to favour pedestrians. The reason why they were put there is to stop vehicles parking on the curbs, which was a problem before the bollards were put in place as the cars and lorries would park right over the pavements making it difficult for people to walk past and leaving less space for people with prams or wheelchairs to go round. Some things favour different groups because they appeal to different groups. Take for example the Taste Buds Cafe; one thing that struck me straight away was that the majority of the customers in there were predominantly female and mostly the older generation. They like to go in there because it appeals to them, it appeals to them because; The price is reasonable- a lot of the customers will be drawing a pension so keeping costs down is important to them, They feel safe- because there are regulars who go there and they get familiar with one another and that gives the customers a sense of safety because they know what to expect and Mr Suarez the cafe owner aids in the feeling of safety through being consistent in the way in which he runs his business. Also the menu is all home cooked and this is important to his customers. Because of all these factors, Mr Suarez’s cafe is geared more towards the older generation than the younger ones so in a sense it is favouring, although that isn’t altogether a bad thing. Lastly I would mention the security cameras. They are positioned all over City Road and they are there for a number of reasons, one reason is that a crime is less likely to be committed in an area which has CCTV (which deters people from offending) and also it makes people in the area feel safer knowing that these things are in place to not only aid in the catching of the people who commit the crimes but also that it is part of crime prevention too. CCTV is important on City Road because it does make the residence feel that little bit safer, a lot of them feel that the road is a bit â€Å"rough† and not the sort of place you would like to walk down at night, even though the local policeman denies that there is a problem with crime in the area. People just perceive it to be a crime hotspot, despite having little to no experience of any serious crimes having taken place on the road. Most of the material things on City Road favour one group over another but some inadvertently and some deliberately, the issue with the busses for example is inadvertent. They are not purposely designed to be inconvenient to a certain

Womens Engagement in Politics

Womens Engagement in Politics Why are there relatively few women engaged in political activity? Introduction It is evident that women are underrepresented in government and in general do not engage in political activity in the same numbers as men do. Various explanations have been used to explain this phenomenon: entrenched discrimination on the part of candidate selectors, elite theory as well as the Supply and Demand Model. This paper visits each explanation in turn finding some value in each. Finally, the argument is made that another possibility is that the system has been created by men for men. When states and constitutions were created in today’s developing countries, women did not have the right to vote, own property or engage in any political activity. Therefore, one could argue that the terms of the social contract on which liberal democracies are based are male- centric and do not allow for the equal representation of women. Theoretical Perspectives: Women and Democracy Beyond the basic interpretation of democracy as â€Å"rule by the people†, scholars have noted that democracy has evolved, changing over time and space and responding to evolution in public affairs. As explained by Meny â€Å"it is commonly accepted that democracy has varied over time, evolving from a rather elitist and restrictive form to a more open and participatory form of government† (Meny, 2002, p.10). Dahl identifies three evolutionary waves, or â€Å"transformations† of democracy, from the Greek city- state to the republic and finally to the nation- state (Dahl, 1989). Furthermore, Dahl identifies the basic criteria for a democratic process as: effective participation, voting equality at the decisive stage, enlightened understanding, control of the agenda by the people, and equal opportunity (Dahl, 1989). Effective participation is the requirement for citizens to have an equal chance of expressing preference for the political outcome, and their choice should be weighed as equal to that of any other citizen. Enlightened understanding means that citizens should be informed in their choice and have an understanding of the system. At first glance, therefore, one would be surprised with the arguments posed by some Feminists that standard definitions of democracy such as the above are discriminatory against women and legitimize a gender- biased system. Waylen asserts: â€Å"democracy defined in these ways becomes a ‘political method’ simply an institutional arrangement to generate and legitimize leadership† (Waylen, 1994, p.332). To help us understand statements like these, we should consider the distinction between different kinds of â€Å"equality† and the historic inequality democratic systems have imposed on women. There is an important distinction between equality of opportunity and equality of result. If a system merely aims at equality of opportunity then giving women the right to vote and come forward as candidates would be an end in itself; but if equality of result is sought, then one would see that external factors diminish the value of equality of opportunity (Karam ed. 199 8). A historic overview of â€Å"democracy† reveals that as a system in application, it is embedded with inequality. The democrats in ancient Greece excluded women, slaves and immigrants and considered foreigners to be â€Å"barbarians† and therefore inferior to the Greeks. At a minimum, democracy requires that people have the right to vote, and this right was not given to women until recently: 1919 in West Germany, 1920 in the USA, 1921 in the UK and 1971 in Switzerland (just to name a few examples of developed and democratic states). In accounting for this inequality, Feminists emphasize the concept of patriarchy and the distinction between the public and private sphere. Patriarchy[1] means â€Å"rule by fathers† and mainstream political theory argues that this system has been obsolete and no longer n existence since more than three hundred years ago. Feminists, however, have always been pointing out that it still exists. Pateman argues that patriarchy has been replaced by â€Å"fraternity†[2] through the establishment of the social contract. Patriarchy has its foundations in the separation between the public and the private sphere, thereby keeping women confined in the private sphere, removed from politics: â€Å"The division of public and private life as one that differentiates the woman (private) from the man (public) is the overarching ideological tool of patriarchy† (Corrin 1999 quoting Eisenstein 1984). Liberal Democracy This system aims to check both the tyranny of the majority and the abuse of power by a government, usually through a system of checks and balances. The system merely aims at equality of opportunity (and not equality of result or of condition) and accountability through voting. It assumes that society consists of a plurality of interests which compete with each other over influence over political outcomes. As a result of this competition a stalemate may occur which means little or piece meal change to the system can be achieved and thus the status quo perpetuates. This model embraces the distinction between the public and private sphere. [3] Feminists therefore criticize liberal democracy and assert that inequalities between husband and wife reduce the value of political life for women. Feminists also feel that a â€Å"gender- neutral† approach to citizenship (as is proposed by liberal democracy) actually serves to exclude women. Phillips argues that concepts such as the individual, citizenship, rights etc are male categories (Phillips, 1991). Participatory Democracy This model requires social equality and emphasizes participation. It challenges the private- public distinction and proposes that for democracy to be meaningful in the public sphere there must also be democracy in the private sphere. Feminists agree that voting is not enough and that there must be discussion and participation. However, feminists argue that this model also creates an elite of â€Å"active† citizens. As certain categories of women such as housewives have less free time, they are less able to be â€Å"active† in public affairs and would therefore be disadvantaged. Elite Theory Elite theory assumes that throughout history there has been a group of people who â€Å"rule† and the rest who are ruled by them. Essentially this theory is about power and its distribution. Gaetano Mosca argues that the existence of the elite and its dominance depends on its organizational position and abilities. Mosca believes that the more organized minority will prevail over the less organized majority. Mosca distinguishes between an upper stratum elite (small group of political decision- makers) and a lower stratum of the elite, who perform lesser political functions. Mosca saw elite- formation as inevitable; if the mass were to rise against the elite and replace it in government, another small group would rise from within the masses and prevail over the rest. Mosca saw elite theory and democracy as compatible (Rush, 1992). Michels drew upon Mosca’s â€Å"iron law of oligarchy† and argued that like all other organizations, political parties are dominated by their leadership. Pareto diverges from the Marxist notion that the elite are defined in economic terms, and argues instead that it is human attributes such as motivation and abilities which define it (Rush, 1992). Political Recruitment The Selection Process Norris and Lovenduski identify three levels of analyzing political recruitment: a) systematic factors such as the legal system, the electoral system and the party system, which set the context for analysis, b) context- setting factors such as party organization, rules and ideology, c) factors influencing directly the recruitment of individual candidates such as resources and motivations of applicants and the attitudes of â€Å"gatekeepers† (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995). The recruitment process is generally evaluated by testing whether the system is democratic (involving local activists and grassroots members), whether it is fair (treating all applicants equally), whether it is efficient (as a decision- making process) and whether it is effective in producing candidates of a high standard (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995). There are six main types of selection process and these are: 1) informal- centralized, where constitutional mechanisms may be in place but in essence patronage controls outcomes and rules are largely symbolic 2) informal – regional where factions bargain in order to get good positions for their candidates, 3) informal- localized where the decision over which selection procedure will be used depends on local groups and therefore procedures vary and the system is open to manipulation by small groups 4, 5) formal- centralized/ formal- regional where party leaders at national or at regional level have the power to choose candidates and 6) formal- localized where constitutional rules and guidelines create a standard procedure and all applicants are treated equally (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995). According to Norris and Lovenduski: â€Å"in the long term the main change in recruitment within British parties has been in process rather than power. There has been a gradual evolution from an ‘informal- localized’ system based on patronage in the nineteenth century towards more ‘formal- localized’ system today based on more meritocratic standards† (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995, p.5). Supply and Demand In analyzing trends in political recruitment, Norris and Lovenduski present the Supply and Demand Model : â€Å"based on a ‘supply and demand’ model, the study distinguishes between the factors influencing the ‘supply’ of candidates willing to come forward and the factors influencing the ‘demand’ of party selectors in making their decisions† ((Norris and Lovenduski, 1995, p.14). On the Demand side, selectors choose based on perceptions of the candidates’ abilities, experience etc. Such perceptions can be affected by discrimination and stereotyping either in a positive r in a negative way. Direct discrimination is judging people as members of groups instead of as individuals. Imputed discrimination amounts to selectors favouring certain categories of candidates e.g. women or racial minorities (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995). On the Supply side, selectors may argue that certain categories of people such as women do not come forward as candidates. Motivation and constrained resources may affect potential candidacies. Also, demand and supply are inter-related; some may be deterred from coming forward out of fear of discrimination (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995). Applied to the case of women, the Demand side proposes that women may have lower resources in terms of money and time as well as lower levels of political ambition and confidence. On the supply side, selector may employ direct or imputed discrimination against women: â€Å"the basic problem is that selectors are not enthusiastic about women candidates. They believe the electorate does not want them. They do not see women as having the same commitment as men. They do not know how to categorize them †¦ in short, they apply different standards† (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995, p.115 quoting Mitchell 1982). Party Selection In the Conservative Party, following the Chelmer Report 1972 the rules guiding procedures were revised. This slightly strengthened the role of party members at the expense of the constituency executive committee. In 1980 the Conservative Central Office introduced managerialist selection boards to scrutinize candidates on the Approved List before they could apply. These boards aimed to produce better quality candidates and fairer procedures (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995). The Labour general party modernization in the 1980s included selection rules reform. Thus, there was a mandatory reselection for incumbents, a formalized selection procedure and power shifted downwards to an electoral college of all members. To encourage more women candidates the Party altered short listing rules and introduced more training programs (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995). For the general election 1997 Labour introduced women-only shortlists whereby a proportion of local parties were required to shortlist only women candidates for selection. The policy was then withdrawn as it was found in breach of the Sex Discrimination Act 1975. The Electoral System According to Norris and Lovenduski â€Å"the British electoral system is commonly seen as contributing towards the localism of the selection process, by strengthening the links between individual MPs and their constituency† (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995, p.28). The British first- pass- the post system is based on a 651 plurality, single member districts and opportunities are determined by the number of seats. Voters can vote for or against individual candidates, but have no say over who is placed before them as a candidate (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995). The incumbency turnover further constrains opportunities to enter parliament. The rise of â€Å"careerism† whereby MPs enter parliament at a younger age and see their position as a career further supports this proposition. The party system is a further constraint; traditionally the UK was considered a two- party system, but this has gradually been weakened in the post- war period (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995). Conclusions: Accounting for Women’s Under representation The Discrimination Argument Some feel that women are discriminated against by part selectors: â€Å"discrimination by gatekeepers is probably one of the most common explanations of the social bias in our parliament† (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995, p.123). However, it is difficult to establish proof of this discrimination. Others feel that at present the system is open to women and explain the under representation in terms of structural constraints such as lack of confidence or the difficulty to combine family life with a career in politics (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995). There is also the argument that selectors may not be biased themselves, but may feel that the electorate has biased perceptions. Therefore, to avoid ‘losing’ they do not select ‘risky’ candidates such as women or ethnic minorities. In general, ‘winning’ candidates are perceived as local, white, middle class and male: â€Å"perceptions of anticipated electoral gains and losses reflect, and thereby reinforce the dominant class and racial biases within parliament† (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995, p.136). The Elite Theory argument An application of elite theory to liberal democracies at present, confirms the validity of this model. Electoral systems may mean that the voters do not have a genuine choice and that this lies in the hands of the selectorate, usually party officials: â€Å"studies in a number of countries show that in socio- economic terms the differences between successful and unsuccessful candidates are not great and that the selection of candidates is often in the hands of a small group of party leaders and activists† (Rush, 1992, p.66). The Social Contract Revisited Nadezhda Shvedova identifies the difficulties women face in achieving equal representation in government: political, socio-economic, and ideological/psychological obstacles (Karam ed. 1998). Political obstacles include: the type of electoral system ( Shvedova believes proportional representation is better for increasing women’s representation), prevalence of the â€Å"masculine model† of political life e.g. the â€Å"predator mentality† that is supposedly alien to women, and lack of party support. Arguments of socio-economic obstacles usually stem from the theory that higher development brings more democratization; Ideological/psychological obstacles are the traditional social roles assigned to women and men, women’s lack of confidence, the perception of politics as a â€Å"dirty†, and the way in which women are portrayed in the mass media. In newly democratized countries mechanisms such as quotas have been devised to ensure equal representation. Quotas are introduced to make sure that women constitute a certain percentage of the members of a public body such as a candidate list, committee, parliament assembly, or government. They usually aim at achieving at least a â€Å"critical minority† of 30-40% for women (Karam ed. 1998). The three most common forms of these mechanisms are: constitutional quotas which reserve seats in the national parliament for women, election law quotas which are written in national law, and political party quotas which are adopted by political parties to achieve a certain percentage of women as candidates. According to Dahlerup, â€Å"History seems to prove that the implementation of a quota system is made easier in a new political system than in an older one, where most seats might be ‘occupied’, and consequently a conflict may arise between the interests of new groups versus those of the incumbent† (Karam ed. 1998). Countries that have implemented quotas for women are : Uganda, South Africa, Argentina, Brazil, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Eritrea, Tanzania, Belgium, Italy and Namibia (Karam ed. 1998). An example of a newly democratized state where women played an important role in creating the institutions and the foundations of the state is South Africa. According to Seidman â€Å"During the South African transition women activists played a surprisingly important role in the negotiations, in the elections, and in designing the new state. Women’s participation is already leading to new approaches in policy making and, I will suggest, to the construction of a new vision of gendered citizenship† (Seidman 1999, p. 288). This illustrates the ambiguous relationship between development and democracy, and the relationship between the role played by women in freedom or independence struggles and their subsequent role in the new state. . However, it is more difficult to implement such mechanisms in older democracies where rules of procedure and systems are entrenched. Another reason is that the liberal democratic model creates systems that are less â€Å"gendered† than the participatory democracy model, for example, would. This may not have been done to purposely discriminate against women; it may be more about the general ideology of liberal democracy. A good illustration would be the case of the USA where the founding fathers of the American Constitution aimed at creating a â€Å"free† society. â€Å"Free† however, does not imply equal in resources or in condition. Liberal democracy can be therefore criticized because the state will strive to achieve the equality of disadvantaged people; it is more likely to act as a neutral mediator or even observer in the free, pluralist system, where the strongest group/ elite will prevail. It therefore follows that in such a system, reforms to improve the r epresentation of women in political activity will be piece-meal and gradual. References Corrin, C. (1999). Feminist Perspectives on Politics, Essex, Pearson Prentice Hall. Karam, A. (ed) (1998). Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers, Stockholm, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA). Waylen, G. (2003), Gender and Transitions: What Do We Know?, Democratisation, 10 (1), p. 157- 178. Waylen, G. (1994), Women and Democratisation: Conceptualising Gender Relations in Transition Politics. World Politics, 46 (3), p. 327- 354. Seidman, G. (1999), Gendered Citizenship: South Africa’s Democratic Transition and the Construction of a Gendered State, Gender and Society, 13 (3), p.287-307. Phillips, A. (1991), Engendering Democracy, Cambridge , Polity. Pateman, C. (1988), The Sexual Contract, Cambridge, Polity. Meny, Y. (2002), De la democratie en Europe: Old Concepts and New Challenges, Journal of Common Market Studies, 41 (1), p. 1-13. Dahl, R. (1989), Democracy and Its Critics, New Haven; London, Yale University Press. Rush, M (1992), Democracy and its Critics, Harvester Wheatsheaf, Prentice Hall. Norris, P. and Lovenduski, J. (1995), Political Recruitment: Gender, Race and Class in the British Parliament, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. 1 Footnotes [1] Adrienne Rich defines patriarchy as â€Å"a familial- social, ideological, political system in which men by force, direct pressure, or through ritual, tradition, law and language, customs, etiquette, education, and the division of labour, determine what part women shall or shall not play† (Corrin 1999, p.8 quoting Rich 1997). [2] Fraternity means â€Å"rule by brothers† and is seen by Feminists such as Pateman as equally discriminative against women as patriarchy [3] Plato and Aristotle had made this distinction in their writings (Phillips, 1991)

Origins of the Watch making Industry Essay -- Design and Technology

Origins of the Watch making Industry The production of watches was a major industry of Great Britain for hundreds of years. Watch making originated in Europe in the early 16th century, when coiled springs were first used to power clocks. Clocks were powered by weights originally, and therefore remained stationary. The springs meant that clocks could be moved for the first time, and soon, German clockmakers started to make very small clocks, which are considered as the earliest watches made. Watch making was the most advanced line of the clock making industry, which developed when Blacksmiths started introducing their skills with metal to clock making. Watches were being made in Great Britain from around the middle of Elizabeth 1 reign as Queen of England. (1533 – 1603) It is likely that the success of European Watchmakers encouraged British Watchmakers to start producing Watches to make sure they weren’t behind in technological developments. During this, watches were extremely expensive, and therefore quite rare, they were also quite inaccurate, and only had an hour hand. Most designs for early watches were for the watches to be worn around the neck, on either a cord or ribbon. This was because it was a status symbol to be seen wearing a watch and the watches were still pretty large, and couldn’t fit in the pocket very easily, if the clothes had pockets, as this was also a rarity. It was in the late 17th century that the watch making industry became a much more renowned industry in Britain. Evolution in watch design meant that watches soon became more accurate, which made them much more useful and as a result, the demand increased for British watches. Watch making in Prescot By the 18th century, Prescot was well established as the centre of watch making in England, and for 100 years after, Prescot would become world famous for its product quality. John Wyke and other famous watch makers started their businesses in Prescot, and at the beginning of Queen Victoria’s reign in 1837, Watch making was renowned in Prescot. The area was already well known for its tools most importantly files, and metal works, which made it easier for business to thrive. Extremely high quality tools and metal were required by watchmakers so the industries were set up next to each other to make life simpler. Liverpool became a major c... ... into the Prescot watch making industry in an attempt to keep it competitive, it had all but gone from prescot by the mid 1880s. A decision was made to act, and T.P Hewitt was one of the founding members of the Lancashire Watch Company. The building was completed in 1889, and it was based on the American Factory system of manufacture, where complete watch movements were made, by machines, under one roof. The factory was fitted out with machines to produce the watch parts, powered by a steam engine called the Horologer (Horology is the correct name for the study and production of clocks and watches). They made a range of watches too suit all the poorest of pockets. It lasted into the 20th century and had some success, becoming a major producer of watches in Britain. However, foreign competition was too great and by that time, very well established. This combined with poor marketing, especially overseas led to the company being forced to close its doors in 1910. Some small workshops still produced time pieces in Prescot until the middle of the 20th century, but the watch making industry in Prescot effectively ended with the closure of the Lancashire watch company.

Edna St. Vincent Millay :: essays research papers

Edna St. Vincent Millay, a poet and playwrite, was best known for her lyrical poetry. She wrote many poems, on topics such as love, fidelity, erotic desire, and feminist issues. The part of Millay that wasn’t highly publicized is that she addressed herself as a bisexual and had many affairs with woman before her marriage. It is not said if she continued sexual involments with women after her marriage (though it is quite possible), nor it is not said which of her poems are written about women rather than men. Edna St. Vincent Millay grew up in a different sort of family. Born February 22, 1892 in Rockland, Maine, and the oldest of three daughters of Henry Tolman Millay and Cora Lounella (Buzelle) Millay. When Edna was around the age eight her mother divorced her father. After the divorce her mother worked as a nurse to support the family. Her mother encouraged Edna and her sisters to study music and literature and urged them to be independent and ambitious. Edna’s first published poem "Forest Trees." Written when she was fourteen, appeared in St. Nicholas Magazine (October 1906). With in the next four years, St. Nicholas published five more of her poems one of which, "The Land of Romance" received a gold badge of the St. Nicholas League and later was reprinted in Current Literature (April 1907). In 1912 "Renascence" one of Millays poems was anthologized in The Lyric Year and met with critical acclaim. When Millay’s poems were published she gained literary recognition and earned a scholarship to Vassar. At Vassar she continued to write poetry and became involved in the theater. In 1922 one of her plays The Harp Weaver was awarded the Palitzer Prize. Millay also published a book of poems in 1922 called "A Few Figs from Thistles" in this volume, she described female sexuality in a way that gained her much attention, as she put fourth the idea that a women has every right to sexual pleasure and no obligation to fidelity. Following her successes in the 1920’s and early 1930’s, Millay’s poetry gradually suffered a critical and popular decline. Unfortunately, her real poetic achievements were overshadowed by her image as the free (but "naughty") woman of the 1920’s. During the last two decades of her life, millay was almost ignored critically, although her Collected Sonnets appeared in 1941. Since the late 1960’s, however, there has been a renewed interest in Millay’s works.

Planned Organizational Change Essay

Abstract Planned organizational change can be defined in many different ways, and characterized on many different levels. The common denominator listed after reviewing two related Internet articles, indicates that change cannot take place for â€Å"change’s sake†, but must be implemented to accomplish a specific goal or task. Another common statement states that change must also be accepted and embraced before the desired outcome is achieved. Planned Organizational Change Planned organizational change can be defined in many different ways, and characterized on many different levels. The common denominator listed after reviewing two related Internet articles, indicates that change cannot take place for â€Å"change’s sake†, but must be implemented to accomplish a specific goal or task. Another common statement states that change must also be accepted and embraced before the desired outcome is achieved. The first Internet article reviewed was titled â€Å"Planned Organizational Change as Cultural Revolution† (Izumi and Taylor. n.d.). This article was particularly interesting because of the broad statement provided indicating that organizational schemes often fail because of poor reception by those involved. The article states: Organizational schemes â€Å"gang aft a-gley† during the implementation stage because the corporate culture does not change enough to allow the new ideas, procedures, and structures to take hold. There may not be the â€Å"cultural buy-in† necessary to sustain the current change effort. If planned change is to be successful, it must include, as an integral and critical part of the change process, the seeds of the new values, beliefs, and attitudes the organization is trying to grow. Unfortunately, change programs are often set up to fail because the change methods only perpetuate the old way of doing things. This statement rings particularly true for this author. Over the past 20  years in business I have witnessed many organizational changes that have failed miserably. Businesses seem to want a change, for different reasons, but do not know how to properly implement these changes. Improper implementation of a sound plan, not enough organizational commitment, and organizational politics, as indicated in the article, seem to provide some of the most common reasons for failure related to organizational change. Businesses will sometimes have a valid plan to change an organization, but neglect the final stages of implementation. This lack of follow-up invalidates the entire effort. Politics also play a significant role in most organizational change failures. Many businesses have allowed small unofficial organizations to form within organizations; this creates internal â€Å"kingdoms† which prove fatal to organizational change. A strong belief in the importance of a proper structure, as told by the article, often causes change factors to focus on the organization instead or processes. The effects of this type of change produce a structural change instead of a process change that allows the same processes to function under new management. The article goes as far as mentioning on model, used specifically in the case of large mergers, how many resources can be combined with little analysis of the operating environment. The thinking is, the combination of skills, thoughts and ideas will combine to form an organization that operates in a drastically different manner that initially imagined. This idea sounds valid, but a combination of organizational direction from management combined with the evolution of processes and organization would seem to provide the most effective solution. Business Process Reengineering (BPR) is one of the most interesting ideas retrieved from the first Internet article. The BPR is described as a natural outgrowth of the Internal Process approach to organizational effectiveness. This model concentrates on targeting internal processes for change. When these processes are analyzed for inefficiencies there is little consideration given to strategy or organizational structure. When internal processes are changed to increase efficiency, the old systems should be replaced with new systems rather than using the old systems to create new  processes. As old systems are purged, the effects on the organization increase exponentially. The â€Å"domino effect† seen by replacing old processes often surprises businesses as to the effectiveness of this model. The second article reviewed was titled: Basic Context for Organizational Change, this article parallels the previous article reviewed by this author. This article written by Carter McNamara, PhD provides two interesting points: (1) Change should not be done for the sake of change, and (2) There is typically strong resistance to change; people are afraid of the unknown. This author has witnessed several organization changes that could easily been implemented simply â€Å"for change sake†. The Internet article helps in the realization of the necessity for organizational-wide changes to truly create situations that effect positive change. Many times businesses will implement organizational changes in only one or two departments, when the change truly effects the every department or division in a small way. Organizational-wide change, along with change acceptance will go a long way toward creating a favorable atmosphere to change. Typically there are strong resistances to organizational change. People are afraid of the unknown. Many people like the way things are, are comfortable, and don’t understand the need for change. Many people view any organizational change as â€Å"bad†, and neglect to give proposed changes an opportunity to succeed. This type of behavior is difficult to remedy, but a well-structured, properly organized change can implement change much easier that an ill conceived plan. In conclusion, this author has realized the importance of implementing and following through with planned changes as an integral part of successful organizational change. This author has also realized that change for â€Å"change sake† is a dangerous proposition and organizational changes should always consider the entire company before attempting local changes. A final lesson teaches the importance of recognizing people’s inherent resistance to change and the need to address human resistance as an important step in any organizational change effort. The items reviewed in both internet articles discussed effective ways to implement and recognized planned change, and  should be invaluable in future business endeavors. Reference Izumi, H., Taylor, D., (n.d.). Planned organizational change as cultural evolution. Empire State College Resource List. Para. 2. Retrieved April 15, 2003 from the World Wide Web:http://www.esc.edu/ESConline/across_esc/forumjournal.nsf/ 3cc42a422514347a8525671d0049f395/1f36661906ca98d9852567b00

Law, Ethics & Corp. Governance Essay

1. Describe what steps you would take to address the following scenario involving skills, competence, and abilities: The employee seems to be unable to learn the computer applications that are basic to her job responsibilities, but, consistently â€Å"tells† her boss that she is â€Å"a good worker and a genius† and that he does not â€Å"appreciate her†. Even after a few months of training and support, she is unable to use the computer tools to be productive and efficient in completing the required tasks. This can be a difficult situation for an employer to make because many employers try to see the positive and have faith in all their employees. If this situation took place within my company, I would continue to observe the employees attitude as well as dedication. Many times, employees are not capable of performing certain tasks, however, with a humble mindset, it is possible to work with them and guide them while working. This specific employee seems to have a self-assured mindset that she is not doing anything wrong. Instead of opening up and allowing her boss to assist her, she becomes arrogant. I would go a different route and have a professional come and train her from another company to see if that would help. If this specific assistance does not help, I will have to write the employee up to warn her that she must submit to the work load within a certain time frame. I do not believe this is being harsh to the employee. If she is hired to do a specific task and cannot get the task accomplished, then she is incapable of doing the work. I will be able to provide a written statement and have her terminated. Employers cannot waste time on employees who talk about their capabilities, yet not perform them. According to â€Å"Law and Ethics in the Business Environment† Chapter 2, she is able to voice her opinion publically in court, however, she must have written proof to back her up whys he should not be terminated. 2. Describe what steps you would take to address the following scenario involving management, behavior, and performance: The employee tends to burst into a rage when criticized and is frequently late to work as noticed by her boss and other staff members. When her boss attempts to address her behavioral issues and the company late policy, the employee’s response is that she â€Å"knows her rights and what to do† if she is wrongfully discharged. She also says she took a business law class in undergrad that taught her â€Å"everything she needs to know about exceptions to the employment-at-will doctrine and wrongful discharge in violation of public policy†. I would provide counsel and verbal warning to the employee. It is important to get all of the facts and bring that person into your office without making a big scene. Being honest and upfront about the tardiness and improper behavior will get much respect from the employee and show firm leadership. I will discuss what has been taken place and how important it is to have the whole department working on one accord. I will also discuss that their tardiness is not fair to the other employees. I would take the time to ask if there is anything wrong, or if there is something happening in the workplace or personal life that is causing what is perceived as â€Å"a person with a bad attitude who is unhappy at work. I believe listening and showing empathy will let the employee know you care about their well-being but yet, still mean business. There may be some personal issues that they just need to get off of their chest. If I get a sarcastic response from them, then I must be strong, but not attacking, and let them know that the behavior shown is not acceptable and needs to improve. I would be sure that I am focusing on the problem, not the person. In situations like these, staying calm and let them do the talking will show the humility in you as a leader. In situations like these, I would point out their strengths, and try to first focus on the good aspects of their performance rather than a perceived bad attitude. Documenting and date this conversation as a verbal warning to the employee, yet not making it a threat. This is not a written warning, but shows that you did talk to the person about difficult employee issues. The more the employer documents, the easier it will be to terminate if it gets to that point. The biggest mistake is to not document. Documentation and building a case is the proof that shows you talked to this employee many times but to no avail (Sheahan, 2012). 3. Describe what steps you would take to address the following scenario involving labor and laws: The employee takes a day off from work, without management consent, for her religious holiday observance that falls on a day that is during â€Å"tax season†. The day off occurred during an incredibly busy period for the company during which the employer had notified all employees they were not allowed to take off without prior management approval. Also, there is no labor union for accountants. However, she begins talking to her co-workers during lunch breaks and sometimes during regular work hours, encouraging them to organize and form a union to â€Å"protect ourselves†. This can be a difficult situation because it involves the employee’s religious rights. According to an Act in 1997, â€Å"GUIDELINES ON RELIGIOUS EXERCISE AND RELIGIOUS EXPRESSION IN THE FEDERAL WORKPLACE†, Agencies shall not discriminate against employees on the basis of religion, require religious participation or non-participation as a condition of employment, or permit religious harassment. And agencies shall accommodate employees’ exercise of their religion in the circumstances specified in these Guidelines. These requirements are but applications of the general principle that agencies shall treat all employees with the same respect and consideration, regardless of their religion. At the same time, employees are not to engage in religious acts with employees by forcing their beliefs and opinions on them. This can cause immediate termination. Regardless of religious observation day or not, an employee is not to take a work day off without employers permission. The employer has every right to terminate the employee. It is understandable to observe religious acts as an individual but there has to be communication between employee and employer. The employer has to make accommodations for that specific day. 4. Describe what steps you would take to address the following scenario involving policies and procedures: The employee’s supervisor consistently asks her out on dates; the employee initially refuses to go out on a date with her supervisor. The employee later discusses the issue with her girlfriend who encourages her to accept his offers. During her new employee orientation, the employee was informed of the company policy which prevented employees from dating their supervisor and was given an employee handbook with the written policy. The employee and her supervisor later begin having a consensual relationship. Based from the research according to Saalfeld Griggs PC Publications, a supervisor dating an employee is prohibited within many companies. Although romantic relationships in the workplace are common, employers have legitimate reasons for concern about employee dating. The biggest fear is a sexual harassment lawsuit arising from either a supervisor who has a habit of asking subordinates out on dates; an employee who files a lawsuit after a consensual relationship goes sour; or the perception of co-workers that a supervisor is playing favorites with his or her â€Å"significant other. A policy that prohibits a supervisor from dating a subordinate must also describe the penalty imposed if the policy is violated. Men often hold more senior positions in a company, therefore, a policy that always penalizes the subordinate (e.g. by requiring termination or transfer) may create sexual discrimination liability. When enforcing a â€Å"no dating† policy, the employer must be careful to penalize both sexes equally. An employer who selectively enforces the policy, or enforces it more harshly against one sex compared to the other, may be liable for sexual discrimination. In a consensual relationship between a supervisor and a subordinate, the subordinate often is the recipient of preferential treatment. Employees have asserted claims for sexual harassment based on the theory that they can’t receive the same benefits because they are not â€Å"sleeping with the boss.† The policy is in writing and both the employer and employee decided to go against this policy. If one or the other is not able to transfer to another department, they must suffer the consequences of being released from the company. Reference Page: 1. Halbert, T., & Ingulli, E. (2012). Law & ethics in the business environment (7th ed.). Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. 2. Sheahan, K. (2012). Bad Employee Behavior. Article retrieved from: http://www.ehow.com/facts_6739049_bad-employee-behavior.html 3. Sutton, R. (1999). Regulating Workplace Romance. Article retrieved from: http://www.sglaw.com/publications.php?id=36&pubtype=showarticle

Speaker notes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Speaker notes - Essay Example Finally, the kind of quality indicators affecting pricing at the local level would be proffered. The health care in the United States are administered by private health institutions. There are no public hospitals owned by the government. However, the delivery of health care are funded by several public components or programs such as Medicare (covering the elderly and the disabled with previous employment records), the Medicaid (a social welfare program for low income groups), and the Veterans Health Administration program (catering to military veterans of the United States), among others. The health care system of America seeks reform utilizing the present administrations measures focusing on the universal health care plan. In the meantime, health care organizations have their own systems of delivering health care depending on their organizational structure and the profile of patients seeking health care. This essay is written with the objective of describing the current health care delivery structure at St. Luke’s Medical Center in Phoenix, Arizona. The health care delivery structure would be compared with that of Phoenix VA Health Care System. In addition, the profile of the impact of licensing and regulatory factors on health care delivery at St. Luke’s would be determined. The changes that are occurring in the economy or with regards to licensing and regulatory factors that need to be considered in the future would likewise be assessed. Further, a discourse on the national trends that are affecting competition and pricing initiatives would be evaluated. Finally, the kind of quality indicators affecting pricing at the local level would be proffered. St. Luke’s Medical Center is located in E. Van Buren Street, Phoenix, Arizona equipped with 235 beds and providing comprehensive healthcare services. By comprehensive, St. Luke’s deliver services

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 38

Ethics - Essay Example If every individual would lie to get a loan, then the process would fall apart lending the maxim impossible. Such acts are perfomative contradiction since they undermine the basis for their existence. The humanitarian principle suggests that pertains to the notion of saving life and alleviating suffering. It is mostly related to an emergency response whether during war, natural or man made disasters. They govern how individuals respond in a humanitarian way. Thus, the principle of humanity is one of the humanitarian principles. It states that individuals should always treat human beings as an end and not as means. Treating individuals as means is treating them to achieve our own goals (Shafer-Landau, The ethical life, 2014). Treating as an end is dealing with individuals with the respect they deserve. The principle, however, fails to give us advice on how to determine what people deserve. According to The Principle of utility, our actions or behaviors are morally right as long as they promote happiness and pleasure. Such actions are wrong if they tend to promote unhappiness and even pain. It is associated with hedonism since a hedonist only believes in the feelings of pleasure and pain. Such feelings are biological experiences involving human’s central nervous system and controlled by the cerebral cortex. Human beings experience pleasure whenever they perform certain acts that fulfill their biological functions including eating or drinking. Pleasure is also experienced in the event of performing various intellectual activities including reading. Sometimes, pleasure is experienced by doing the right thing. Pain on the other hand is experienced when such functions are left unfulfilled. Many utilitarian believe that pleasure and pain can be quantified. Thus, the main interest here is acting in private interest as opposed to public interest as long as individuals are gaining pleasure and pain. An example that can bring about the conflicting sides of all the

International Development Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International Development Organizations - Essay Example In 1970s, the organization was training families on how to indulge themselves in farming in order to get an extra income to sustain their basic needs. The organization started by installing water pumps in order to distribute clean water to communities which were highly affected by morality rates (Russell & Cohn, 2012). It then recruited volunteers who taught the community how to use the water to irrigate in order to become self-reliant. In 1990s, the organization shifted its attention towards the needs of children and other vulnerable groups in the society. This is after realizing that many governments were struggling with offering these groups[s with the necessary platforms in order to unleash their potential. By 2014, the organization was the 11th largest non-governmental organization in the United States (Russell & Cohn, 2012). World Vision International receives funding from corporations and private donors (Cagney & Ross, 2013). Approximately 19% of the organization’s budget is obtained from public grants. However, corruption is one of the major challenges that have been facing this organization. For instance, in 2007, World Vision International identified that a lot of funds that was to be directed towards education, health care, and economic development was being embezzled by various officials. In addition, the organization’s officials in various positions were diverting food deliveries and other important building materials for their own personal gains. Through its financial aid especially in developing countries, World Vision International has been able to improve the lives of the people. This is through initiating projects that are self sustainable (Kilby, 2006). Through the projects, the organization has been able to create employment, an aspect that has played a significant role in alleviating poverty in the society. World Vision International has been able to build a sustainable economy in different parts of the